Oral carcinoma poses a significant health risk in Pakistan, impacting both men and women, though men are traditionally more affected due to higher rates of tobacco and betel nut (paan) consumption and cultural norms that normalize these habits among them.
However, an alarming rise has been recently noticed in oral cancer cases among women, driven by urbanisation, evolving social behaviours, and increasing tobacco consumption.
For men, the leading risk factors for oral carcinoma include smokeless tobacco products such as Gutka, Naswar, and Paan, the habits often deeply entrenched in cultural practices, especially in rural areas, hindering efforts to reduce tobacco use.
Men are also more likely to work in settings with higher exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and pollutants, adding to their risk profile.
While men remain the most affected group, the rise in oral cancer cases among women, particularly in urban centres, is cause for concern.
Social factors, such as peer influence and lifestyle changes, have led to a noticeable increase in tobacco and betel nut use among women. Unfortunately, many women face obstacles in obtaining early diagnosis and treatment, hindered by social stigma, restricted access to healthcare, and cultural barriers. Consequently, they often seek medical assistance only when the disease has advanced.
Gender roles and societal expectations play a significant role in how oral carcinoma is experienced and managed. Women, in particular, may face unique challenges in balancing family responsibilities with treatment, alongside the emotional toll of a visible disease that can impact self-esteem. Providing psychological and emotional support tailored to these gender-specific needs is crucial.
To effectively address the rising incidence of oral carcinoma among both genders in Pakistan, public health campaigns must prioritise awareness about the dangers of tobacco and betel nut consumption.
A gender-sensitive approach to prevention, education, and treatment is essential to address these issues. Improving healthcare access for women and addressing gender-specific barriers to early detection and treatment could help reduce the burden of this life-threatening disease in Pakistan.
